Shattered Icons – Tracking the rise of iconoclasm in the 21st century
In recent years, the world has witnessed a surge in the destruction or desecration of iconic landmarks, artworks, and symbols, raising questions about the motivations behind such acts and the impact on society.
A History of Iconoclasm
Early Christianity: In the early Christian era, iconoclastic movements sought to eradicate idolatry by destroying images of Jesus Christ, the Virgin Mary, and other saints.
The Protestant Reformation: During the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century, Protestant reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin rejected the use of images in worship, leading to widespread destruction of art and artifacts.
Nationalist Iconoclasm: In the early 20th century, nationalist movements in countries like Greece and Turkey sought to eliminate symbols associated with former rulers or occupying powers.
The Rise of Contemporary Iconoclasm
In recent years, iconoclastic tendencies have resurfaced, often driven by political, religious, or social motivations. Some notable examples include:
ISIS Destruction: The Islamic State (ISIS) destroyed numerous ancient monuments and artifacts in Iraq and Syria, including the Temple of Baalshamin in Palmyra.
FARC’s Colombian Landmarks: The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) attacked and damaged several historic landmarks, such as the Cathedral of Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria in San Andrés Island.
The Fall of Statues: In 2017, activists toppled Confederate monuments across the United States, sparking debates about racism and historical representation.
Motivations Behind Iconoclasm
While motivations for iconoclasm can vary widely, some common themes include:
To erase a perceived cultural or ideological ‘other’
To assert national or religious identity’
To challenge societal norms and power structures
Conclusion
In the face of iconoclastic actions, it is essential to consider the cultural, historical, and social context in which they occur. By understanding the motivations behind such acts, we can work towards building a more inclusive and respectful society.
“The destruction of cultural heritage is not only a loss for the affected community but also a loss for humanity as a whole.” – Dr. Neil Brody, British Museum
The concept of the scapegoat has roots deeply entrenched in ancient mythology, religious rituals, and societal practices. From isolated tribes to modern-day societies, the notion of casting blame onto an outsider or a minority serves as a coping mechanism, a means to unite the majority against a common ‘other.’ This article delves into how and why outsiders so frequently become symbols of societal tensions and conflicts.
Origins of the Scapegoat
The term “scapegoat” originates from the Jewish Day of Atonement ceremony, described in the Book of Leviticus (16:8-10). During this ritual, a goat was symbolically burdened with the sins of the people before being driven into the wilderness, hence removing guilt from the community.
“Aaron shall lay both his hands on the head of the live goat and confess over it all the wickedness and rebellion of the Israelites—all their sins—and put them on the goat’s head. He shall send the goat away into the wilderness in the care of someone appointed for the task.”
Mythological Foundations
Scapegoating appears in different forms across various cultures. For instance, the ancient Greek myth of Oedipus reflects the tragic consequences of scapegoating. In Oedipus’ case, the plague upon Thebes was lifted when he, uncovered as the cause of its calamities due to patricide and incest, was sent into exile. Such narratives reflect the intricate dynamics of guilt and sacrificial expulsion where an individual bears the collective burdens of their community’s transgressions.
Psychological Implications
Renowned psychiatrist Sigmund Freud and his successor René Girard explored the psychology behind scapegoating. Freud discussed the concept of “projection,” where individuals & communities displace their own undesirable traits onto another person or group. Girard took this further in his “mimetic theory,” which argues that human desires are imitative and can lead to rivalry and violence, ultimately resolved through scapegoating.
“Men fight precisely because they desire the same things… Desire always appears as spontaneous, autonomous and innocent. It simultaneously conceals its own violence and confers a falsely positive character on the violence it engenders.”
The Role of Fear and Uncertainty
Historically, during periods of uncertainty and fear—such as plagues, economic downturns, or political instability—outsiders often become scapegoats. The Spanish Influenza outbreak of 1918 is a poignant example. Immigrants and minority classes were often blamed for the spread of the disease, illustrating how societal stress can pinpoint blame onto those seen as ‘different’ or ‘other’ without scientific backing.
In more contemporary contexts, the COVID-19 pandemic reiterated similar patterns. Misguided blame towards specific ethnicities or international travelers reflects the perennial human tendency to simplify complicated issues by attributing fault to distinct groups.
Contemporary Scapegoating and Its Consequences
Today, scapegoating remains an insidious part of politics and society. Nationalism often capitalizes on creating a scapegoat to fortify group identity and justify exclusionary policies. The use of rhetoric against outsiders—whether they be immigrants, political adversaries, or minority religious groups—is not merely a throwback to antiquated practices but an ongoing reality.
The impact of scapegoating can be devastating, leading to discrimination, social unrest, and even violence. Consider the plight of Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar or the rise in hate crimes against Asian communities during global health crises. These instances underscore scapegoating’s potential to escalate from speech into systemic oppression or violence.
Countering the Scapegoat Phenomenon
Education: Teaching critical thinking and empathy can help dismantle irrational fears and misconceptions about ‘the other.’
Dialogue: Encouraging conversation between diverse groups fosters understanding and diminishes the space for scapegoating narratives.
Policy: Implementing and enforcing anti-discrimination laws can provide a framework for protecting vulnerable communities and holding perpetrators accountable.
Efforts to overcome scapegoating should also involve acknowledging historical wrongs and striving to rectify past injustices. Vibrant, inclusive communities thrive on understanding rather than division, offering a more peaceful and equitable coexistence as the ultimate antidote to the scapegoat phenomenon.
Conclusion
The rise of the scapegoat as a symbol of collective human tension underscores both our primal instincts to unite against perceived threats and the capacity for progress through enlightened understanding. While scapegoating addresses immediate psychological needs, it ultimately serves as a poor substitute for genuine resolution and growth. Reflecting on these patterns invites a collective striving towards justice and unity, dismantling centuries-old narratives and forging a new, inclusive path for future generations.
